+ can you reverse older-age frailty? ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
The Conversation

How have you kept cool this bank holiday? I’ve been surviving thanks to a steady supply of lemonade-flavoured ice lollies, but our city-dwelling ancestors had rather more inventive strategies. As the historians behind the aptly named Melting Metropolis project explain, in 19th-century New York it wasn’t uncommon to see people sleeping on rooftops or cracking open public fire hydrants. The wealthy echelons of Victorian London, meanwhile, imported ice from Norway and employed servants to operate their fans. Today, we look at how city dwellers survived in heatwaves before there was such a thing as air conditioning.

Elsewhere, the latest UK figures show a decline in net migration and asylum claims – a migration expert explains what the data really reveals.

And we explore the surprising science of frailty reversal, including the small everyday changes that can help you stay strong as you age.

Anna Walker

Senior Arts + Culture Editor

Parisians swelter in a heatwave in 1895. The Print Collector

How London, Paris and New York coped in the heatwaves of the past

Chloe Duteil, University of Liverpool; Daniel Cumming, Queens College, CUNY; Jon Winder, University of Liverpool

Across the 19th and 20th centuries, urban residents developed a range of strategies to manage extreme heat in densely built environments.

1000 Words/Shutterstock

Net migration and asylum claims have fallen – here’s what the latest figures tell us

Ben Brindle, University of Oxford

While net migration is on a downward trajectory, it is still positive, meaning that the foreign-born population continues to grow.

siro46/Shutterstock

Ageing with purpose: the surprising science of frailty reversal

Ide O'Shaughnessy, University of Limerick; Christina Hayes, University of Limerick; Katie Robinson, University of Limerick

Two people of the same age can age very differently. Frailty helps explain why, and what can be done to reduce risk.

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